The history of the Havyakas is ancient. According to the evidence available today, they were part of the Arya Brahmin Community, which has been settled in Karnataka since at least the 5th century BCE. There is a tradition that they originated from Ahichchhatra in Uttar Pradesh. It is mentioned in historical texts that Mayuravarma, the founder of the Kadamba dynasty, invited these people to his capital Vijayanthipura (Now Banavasi) to perform yajnas (sacrificial rituals). Since their primary occupation was conducting Vedic rituals and sacrifices, they came to be known as ‘Havyakas.’
Alongside their priestly duties, they also practiced betel nut (areca nut) farming, which contributed to their financial stability. They were an intellectually distinct group, maintaining a unique identity in their customs, practices, traditions, and language. At one point in history, they were not outwardly engaged with society, instead focusing on their vocational duties. However, in recent times, they have become more socially engaged and accepted.
Havyaka, a sub-group of the Brahmin caste, is primarily found in the hilly and coastal districts of Karnataka. Most Havyakas are originally from the districts of Udupi, South Canara, North Canara, Shimoga in Karnataka, and Kasaragod district in Kerala. Prominent Havyaka monasteries include the Sri Ramachandrapura Math near Karanagiri in the Hosanagar taluk of Shimoga district and the Swarnavalli Math in Sonda, Sirsi taluk, North Canara district. Another important centre is the Nelemavu Peetha in Heruru, Siddapur taluk of North Canara.
The Havyakas follow the Advaita philosophy of Shankaracharya. Historically, they were primarily Vedic scholars and are also known for their involvement in betelnut cultivation. In recent decades, Havyakas have diversified into various other professions. The Havyaka community played a significant role in the Indian independence movement, participating in movements like the Uppina Satyagraha and the Non-Cooperation Movement.
What is Havyaka?
The word “Havyaka” is believed to have originated from the terms Havīga (Havīka) or Havyaga, which mean one who performs sacrifices (Havana). Historically, it was the Havyakas’ responsibility to perform rituals and sacrifices for deities and ancestors. The practice of performing homas and havans for kings was also an important role of the Havyakas. The region from the northern part of the present-day Udupi district to the southern part of the present-day North Kannada district was previously known as “Haiva” or “Haiga,” and this may have given rise to the term “Haiga.” There is also a possibility that the name “Havyaka” came from the town of Haigunda. Havyaka Kannada refers to the language spoken by the Havyakas, which is a dialect of Kannada, a branch of the Kannada language.
Origin of Havyakas
Although there is some debate about the exact origin of the Havyakas, research suggests that they originally hailed from the Banavasi region in Karnataka. Due to pressure from non-Vedic religions, they are believed to have migrated to Ahichhatra (now in Uttar Pradesh) during ancient times. During the 3rd century BCE, when Mayuravarma, the founder of the Kadamba dynasty, faced a shortage of Brahmins for his religious ceremonies, he invited Havyaka families from Ahichhatra to his kingdom to perform rituals. These families were granted land and settlements near Banavasi, and eventually spread across the region. This is supported by inscriptions found in the Varadahalli area of the Sagar taluk, which mention the arrival of Havyakas.
Origin of Havyakas
Havyakas primarily reside in the state of Karnataka, in the districts of North Kannada, South Kannada, Shimoga, Kodagu, and Chikmagalur, as well as in the Kasaragod and Palakkad districts of Kerala. Over the years, many have migrated to places like Dharwad, Hubli, Mumbai, and Bengaluru. In the present generation, a significant number of Havyakas have settled in Bengaluru. Havyakas have also migrated to other cities across India for employment, and there are sizable communities in countries like the USA, UK, Australia, and the Middle East. In cities like Mumbai and Bengaluru, the Havyaka population is substantial. The roots of these migrants can be traced back to the districts mentioned above.
Surnames / Family Names
The most common surnames among Havyakas are Bhat and Hegde. Other surnames include Dikshit, Upadhyaya, Shastri, Sharma, Vaidya, Bhagavata, Pandit, Rao, Joshi, Purushottama, Gavkar, Purohit, Puranika, Joshi, and others, which are associated with their professions and social status. Some surnames are derived from the original village names, such as Karki, Dodderi, Nadahalli, and others.
Language
The language spoken by the Havyakas is called Havyaka Kannada or Haviga Kannada. It is a dialect of Kannada, and about 60-70% of it is similar to standard Kannada. However, it also contains several words from Old Kannada. The sentence structure and verb endings are different from standard Kannada. There are minor variations in the Havyaka language spoken in different regions, such as Sirsi, Yellapur, Sagar, Sorab, Kumta-Honnawar, Gokarna, South Kannada, and Kasaragod. The script used is Kannada. The origins of the Havyaka dialect are not completely documented.
Havyakas Today
Historically, Havyakas have been engaged in agricultural activities, primarily cultivating betel nuts, coconuts, rice, cardamom, black pepper, and other crops. Many families were also priests and carried out religious duties. While agriculture remains the primary occupation for many, in recent decades, Havyakas have diversified into various other professions, including education, medicine, engineering, business, and politics.